The rapid rise in textile waste worldwide has brought growing attention to the environmental consequences of fast fashion. In 2015, the global textiles and clothing industry generated an estimated 92 million metric tons of waste (1), and projections suggest that this figure could increase by at least 50% by 2030 under a business-asusual scenario (2). Unsustainable waste management practices, such as landfilling, have exacerbated environmental challenges, contributing to the release of micro- and nanoplastics as well as per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) into ecosystems (3, 4). The textile industry urgently needs sustainable interventions that will promote a circular economy.
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